Heartburn and medicinal plants

Heartburn occurs when muscular opening that connects the esophagus to the stomach (cardias) is not functioning properly and does not hinder the passage of stomach contents into the esophagus. Stomach contents, usually acid "burn" the inside walls of the esophagus producing the well known burning sensation. Heartburn occurs more often when you eat in a hurry, without chewing food properly. Another important factor is the type of food, fried foods, saturated fats, sugar, alcohol and coffee somehow increases gastric reflux. Smoking is also associated with the occurrence of heartburn. Opinions are divided as to a possible cure of the sphincter functioning and an evolution to normal and proper passage closure of stomach contents to the esophagus. What is generally controlled by treatments is the acidity degree of stomach contents, so that these will not damage the esophagus walls and do not worsen any existing lesions of the esophagus in patients with a heartburn history. As I said, I am or was one of the heartburn "sufferers" and I decided (or we decided with my family) to follow the medical doctor's advice. Lanzoprazol, one capsule of 30 mg. daily at mid-morning. It is a synthetic drug, I know. The favorable development of the ailment in just over 1 year says the doctor was right. Medicinal plants, I recommend to support a heartburn treatment. Angelica (Angelica archangelica). It has a curative action on the walls of the digestive tract, it is highly indicated and have been used for a long time. Other related plants such as celery, fennel, carrots and papaya also have similar effects. Congorosa (Maytenus ilicifolia). One of the most powerful acid neutralizer plants. As I have mentioned more than once, a leaves decoction, drank at regular intervals between meals, can bring an action similar to that of the synthetic selective blockers. The problem is that I can not recommend an exact dosage and it would be most desirable that a laboratory develop a controlled extract release medicine. Dill (Anethum graveolens). A decoction of this plant seeds has been used for many years to cure or control digestive problems. Not recommended for use by pregnant women. Fennel has similar qualities. Gentian (Gentiana officinalis). A decoction of the plant drank a while after each meal is a carminative and helps to prevent heartburn onset of symptoms. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). An infusion of chamomile flowers a few minutes after meal is and has been a very interesting solution for heartburn. It has a local shooting activity and a general calming effect. Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). Licorice extracts used moderately, due to its antispasmodic effects and hydrochloric acid reduction, are important. However, it must be borne in mind that it is not recommended for prolonged use, due to multiple side effects, including blood pressure elevation and fluids retention. Fruits such as kiwi, papaya and pineapple help to relieve digestive problems like gastric reflux. Also diets based on foods with white meats (poultry and fish), milk creams, fruits and vegetables, are beneficial.

Arthritis and medicinal plants

Arthritis are a number of joint ailments that generally produce joint tissues inflammation, with the consequent pain and the possible degeneration of those tissues. In fact, the most common form of arthritis is osteoarthritis, which affects both hard and soft joint tissues. Except for the arthritis due to injuries, mostly are due to chronic slow development processes. Many herbal treatments have been tested, either with plant extracts administration or by including some of those on special diets. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and other plants that contain glutathione, an antioxidant compound that reduces the arthritis symptoms. This compound is also present in cauliflower, asparagus, potatoes, purslane and tomatoes. Avocado, peaches, oranges, grapefruit and watermelon also contain glutathione. Brazil nut and sunflower (Bertholettia excelsa and Helianthus annus) contain s-adenosil-methionine, a compound with anti-inflammatory properties similar to those of ibuprofen. The consumption of both seeds is highly recommended in cases of arthritis. Ginger and Turmeric (Zingiber oficinalis and Curcuma longa). Roots or rhizomes of these plants contain compounds that have shown high anti-inflammatory efficacy in relieving symptoms of osteoarthritis, this activity has been equally or more potent than that of ibuprofen, due to phytosteroids. Rosemary and Oregano (Rosmarinus officinalis and Origanum vulgare). Powerful antioxidants, apparently due to its Rosmarinic acid contents that interfere with free radicals involved in the inflammatory and degenerative arthritis processes . Their consumption as a condiment should be encouraged and also drink ing herbal teas or decoctions. Nettles (Urtica dioica). It is well known nettles extracts from leaves and roots anti-inflammatory activity and furthermore, the presence of the mineral boron help to low arthritis lesions. Herbal teas or tinctures have been successfully used. Peppers (Capsicum spp). The fruits contain capsaicin, which besides of being responsible for the pungent taste, is responsible for the decline of pain, due to release of endorphins stimulus. Pepper can be included in the diet, drinking herbal teas or include the alcoholic or aqueous extracts in creams for external use. Pineapples (Ananas comosus). Bromelain, existing in this plant fruit, has been linked with a decrease in arthritis inflammation. The mechanisms are related to their antigenic activity, preventing an autoimmune reaction and its fibrinolytic activity, which assists in the inflamed tissues dissolution. Willow (Salix spp). Especially the white willow contains salicin and salicylic acid in the bark, with anti-inflammatory effects similar to those of aspirin. The gastric effects are smaller than those of the known tablets but they still exists, and a moderate tendency to an increased blood pressure in prolonged use, so the addition of ginger and garlic in this preparation is highly recommended. These plants are used universally, here I add, because of its importance, the carqueja (Baccharis trimer, genisteloides) due to the potent anti-inflammatory activity of their extracts. It is a plant that is located in the southern temperate South America region but is also being exported to several countries.

Allergies and medicinal plants

Allergies are body abnormal reactions to substances that we are exposed in daily life. The immune system reacts excessively to substances that the body releases to control the presence of these substances.

Pollen, dust, fungal spores, microorganisms, suspended in dust, food, toxicns, are some of the agents that cause allergic reactions. They are called allergens.

Several plants have proven benefits in relieving the effects of some allergies that, as already mentioned, include inflammation of the tissues involved.

Garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa). Both plants contain quercetin, a potent anti-inflammatory and antihistaminic chemical. Garlic bulbs, one to two cloves per day, with food, would be sufficient and onion the skin or shell, prepare the broth with whole onions and then tañe the skin off or boil the skins and add the filtered decoction to the food.

Altamisa or Matricaria (Tanacetum parthenium). A plant that has been used very successfully in migraines and in recent times has been investigated for its antiallergic properties.

Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba). The leaves aqueous extract of this tree contains ginkgolides, which interfere with the platelet aggregation factor (PAF) produced by the body, one of the allergic reactions starters, as well as asthma and inflammatory processes. However extracts of ginkgo should be used with caution, especially in prolonged treatments, due to several side effects.

Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla). Several compounds found in the flowers of this plant, azulenes and chamazulenes have significant antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activities . They can be prepared as infusions for internal use or creams for external use .

Important, this plant and others of the same family have been described as responsible for causing allergies, so this must consider and the plant used with caution.

Nettles (Urtica dioica).Roots and leafs extracts have been used for many years for the treatment of various diseases including allergic reactions, mainly due to its antihistaminic properties. The extract of frozen dried leaves is particularly cited as one of the most effectives.

Cat's claw (Uncaria tormentosa). The roots aqueous extract of this vine is a powerful anti-inflammatory and may dramatically alleviate some allergies. Because some of confusion with plants of similar names, it is important to be sure to use the correct species.

Plants with high content of vitamin C. Citrus (though they can cause allergies), peppers, cayenne, guava, kiwi, watercress, and many other plants. Vitamin C is a powerful antihistaminic, one of the substances released when there is a contact with allergens in the body.

Asthma and medicinal plants

Asthma is a chronic disease that causes breath shortness, cough, chest congestion and often a strong feeling of breathlessness. It is a very serious disease and needs medical care.

The causes are not dealt with and it is classified among the autoimmune diseases, with rheumatism, psoriasis and allergies. Bronchospasms, a sudden drop in light of the bronchi, are the main symptoms. May be associated with allergies and with the increase of histamine levels by several causes, including environmental pollution and stressful situations.

It is a disease that must be continuously monitored and treated by specialists and only as a guide some plants and plant extracts that can help relieve asthma attacks are mentioned.

Theophylline, caffeine and theobromine are three active ingredients, belonging to alkaloids chemical group, present in plants that have proven effectiveness in reducing some symptoms of asthma.

Theophylline is found mainly in black and green tea (Camellia sinensis) and is a nervous system stimulant and a lung muscles relaxing factor. Improve breathing movements. Caffeine, present mostly in coffee (Coffea arabica) is vasodilator, stimulates the nervous system and respiratory apparatus and it is also a muscle relaxant. Theobromine is derived from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) and is also present in chocolate. It stimulates nervous and cardiovascular systems and produce bronchodilation.

Ephedra (Ephedra sinica) has for long been used as a bronchodilator, decongestant of the respiratory tract and central nervous system stimulant. Ephedrine is one of its main components.

However it is considered an herb that is not safe and its use should be done under strict medical surveillance.

The ginkgolides of Ginkgo biloba are important due to their interference action with platelet activation factor, which participates in the onset of asthma attacks. The problem is that obtaining adequate amounts of these substances requires a high concentration of the extract.

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) contains alphapinene and creosol that remove bronchial secretions and improve breathing. Anise (Pimpinella anisum) also contains these elements, but in smaller amounts.

Nettles (Urtica dioica), leaves and roots infusions or decoctions have proved potent antihistamine and antispamodic activities.

Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), used as roots infusion relieves airways congestion and cough. Not recommended for continued use due to the appearance of side effects.

Vitamin C is a potent antihistaminic, so those plants that contain it, citrus (Citrus spp), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and others, are recommended.

The wasabi (Wasabi japonica) is a plant whose dried powder is used as a condiment and has proven to be an important bronchial decongestant.

There are several plants that are important to alleviate asthma, onions, cabbage, mauve, oregano, sage, thyme, carrots, etc.

From them mauve, oregano and thyme are emphasized. A decoction of these three plants produce a significant relief in pulmonary congestive situations and they also have antimicrobial effects.

Diabetes type II and medicinal plants

Diabetes occurs either when the pancreas stops producing the hormone insulin or the body becomes unable to use the insulin produced. Glucose can not enter the body cells unless insulin is present and active. Without insulin, glucose accumulates in the bloodstream and eventually in the urine, causing the characteristic sweet taste. The imbalance in blood sugar levels also leads to increased urination and thirst. 

Diabetes also causes a small blood vessels narrowing throughout the body. It seems that the higher the blood sugar level, the more narrow the small blood vessels become. When this occurs, blood vessels carry less blood, and circulation is affected. Poor circulation in turn leads to the complications of poorly controlled diabetes, kidney disease, poor wound healing problems and eye and feet disturbances. 

Diabetes also alters fat metabolism, increasing the risk of cholesterol plaques that accumulate in the large blood vessels. This means that people with diabetes are at risk of heart disease. 

There are actually two types of diabetes, Type I (insulin-dependent) and type II (non insulin-dependent). People who have Type I diabetes must get insulin injected daily to control their blood sugar. People with type II produce their own insulin but their cells do not respond to it correctly. 

Type II diabetes is by far the most common form of diabetes, accounting for 85 to 90 percent of cases. Is typically associated with obesity. People with type II diabetes can usually control their blood sugar through weight loss and diet, in combination with oral medication that boosts the effect of its own insulin. 

It is often possible for people with type II diabetes to prevent the consumption of drugs and controlling blood sugar levels with diet, a more effective and more enjoyable method than the majority of pharmaceutical alternatives. 

Diabetes is a serious illness. People who has it, should be under doctor's care. But there is much that the patient can do to help manage the condition. 

Given that obesity is so strongly associated with type II diabetes, weight control is an important element. A diet low in fat and moderate exercise is the way. 

There are also many herbs that have demonstrated effectiveness in controlling blood sugar levels and they can be a means to help diabetics, under medical supervision. 

Garlic (Allium sativum). Like onions, garlic has a significant ability to control blood sugar levels. Eat more raw garlic, if possible, or lightly cooked in foods. 

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). About half of fenugreek seeds (by weight) is a soluble fiber called mucilage, and this herb contains other six compounds that help to regulate blood sugar. 

Fenugreek also increases blood levels of HDL ( "good" cholesterol) while lowering total cholesterol, which may help prevent cardiovascular disease, a particular danger for people with diabetes. 

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia). This herb has attracted considerable interest because of its ability to regulate blood sugar. In one test, five grams (about two teaspoons) of powdered bitter gourd one day decreased blood sugar by 54 percent. Otherwise, 50 milliliters (about one quarter cup) of bitter gourd extract reduced high blood sugar by 20 percent. 

Onion (Allium cepa). Onions have a long history of popular use as a dietary supplement to treat diabetes in Asia, Europe and the Middle East. Onions skins or rinds are one of the best sources of quercetin, which has proven to help with eye problems that are often associated with diabetes such as diabetic retinopathy. 

Beans, beans (Phaseolus, various species). Many studies show that eating foods that are high in soluble fiber, especially beans, reduces the increase in blood sugar after meals and decreases the fall of blood sugar afterwards, thus helping to keep blood sugar close to desired levels. 

Bay (Laurus nobilis) and other spices. It has been shown that bay leaves help the body use insulin very efficiently. The leaves have been shown to reduce levels of blood sugar in experimental animals. Also, the cinnamon, cloves and turmeric are good modulators of blood sugar levels. 

Marshmallow (Althaea officinalis). Marshmallow has a high level of soluble fiber known as pectin (35 percent on a dry weight basis). The use of pectin is an effective way to maintain low levels of blood sugar. 

Other good sources of pectin are mallow, wild carrots, dog rose, apples and figs. 

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea). Like beans, peanuts have the ability to maintain low levels of blood sugar. 

Macadamia Nut (Macadamia, various species). A diet with 15 to 20 percent of calories from protein, less than 35 percent fat and 55 to 60 per cent of carbohydrates is recommended. The substitution by certain healthy oils, like monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) of some of the carbohydrates can improve blood sugar control, while it does not increase cholesterol levels. 

Olive oil is the main source of MUFA, it follows the macadamia. Other good sources of MUFAs are avocados, pistachios, cashews, peanuts and Brazil nuts. 

Tea (Camellia sinensis). Several researchers have demonstrated the benefits of black tea in fighting diabetes. In studies, extracts of black tea significantly reduced the levels of sugar in the blood of laboratory animals.

Antimicrobial plants

The vast majority of antibiotics used in modern medicine are or have been produced by microorganisms, yeasts or fungi, which belong to the vegetable kingdom. Higher plants mainly produce antimicrobials as a defense mechanism against infections or these substances are constituents of cellular metabolism.

Differentiation of antimicrobial activity in antiseptic, antibacterial, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, antifungal, fungicide, antiviral, virus, will not be done in this entry, just the mention of plants that have shown such activity. I left out of this first communication a large quantity of plants with lesser use in the Latin world.

As expected, besides a long list of plants with antimicrobial activity, a number of chemical compounds responsible for this activity are involved as well. Alkaloids, coumarins, simple phenols, flavones, quinones and tannins are the most common.

ACACIA (Acacia farnesiana, nilotica)

Leaves and fruits

Antibacterial properties of some species of acacia are due to its tannin content in concordance with the extracts concentration.

GARLIC (Allium sativum)

The bulb is used.

Its antibacterial activity has been attributed to a sulfur amino acid, the aliin, with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. There are a lot of medicinal products prepared from garlic bulbs (bulbs generally dried or aged). In powder, tinctures and so on.

Burdock (Arctium lappa)

This plant is a bit obsolete though its antimycotic properties deserves further studies, at least for nails fungus. I use to prepare an alcoholic extract of fresh roots from 2 years old plants harvested after the plant produce seeds.

LARGE INDIAN CRESS (Tropaeolum majus)

Leaves and flowers are used.

It has antibiotic properties due to their isotianate (sulfur and glucotropoline) content with proven effectiveness against several common bacteria. It is used at external and internal route (in respiratory and urinary systems).

CUMIN (Cuminum ciminum)

Aerial parts.

Cumin essential oil has a strong antifungal activity against several fungi of medical importance.

EUCALYPTUS (Eucalyptus globulus and other sp).

Mature leaves from older branches.

The essential oils are very active due to their eucalyptol content , which gives the characteristic aroma and is used as of the respiratory tract and urinary tract antiseptic. It has proven effective against certain fungi. Its external use is highly recommended as an antiseptic, however internal use must be undertaken with caution.

JACARANDA (Jacaranda mimosaefolia)

Fruits

Glutamic acid, and fixed oils that provide antimicrobial properties both in internal and external use. Its use in foodstuffs preservation is considered.

LICHENS (Cetraria islandica and others)

Many of them owe their antifungal and bacteriotatic properties to their usnic and vulpinic acids content.

MARCELA or MACELA (Achyroclyne satureoides)

The flowers are used.

Hydroalcoholic extract has a proven antiviral activity. Plant is little known worldwide but widely used in the Amazon area and at the south of South America.

YARROW (Achillea millefolium)

Aerial parts are used.

The alcoholic extract has a significant antiviral activity. It is also used locally to cure wounds. Its healing properties have been well known since ancient times.

WALNUT (Juglans regia)

Bark

Bark extracts have shown antimicrobial activity. Scientific publications do not mention active ingredients, but activity against staphylococci, Candida, colibacilar, pseudomonas and other microorganisms.

OREGANO (Origanum vulgare)

Aerial parts

Aqueous and alcoholic extracts and essential oils have powerful antimicrobial activity. Bacteria, fungi and viruses are effectively controlled.

The usual manufacture of aqueous extracts (obtained by decoction) and the alcoholic extracts (obtained by maceration in absolute alcohol or alcohol 96 °), permits a home made elaboration.

GRAPEFRUIT (Citrus paradisa)

Extracts of this plant is touted as highly effective against a large number of microorganisms. So far I have found no publications that prove it.

I have seen only one study in which, after damaging the shell of the fruit, an antifungal compound is produced, but is not present in the healthy fruits.

PINE (Pinus silvestris)

The active ingredients are extracted mainly from the needles, leaves and young branches.

The essential oil with several compounds of antiseptic activity is used externally and in the airways (the turpentine is partially responsible for this activity). Has been recommended for urinary tract infections, although there are plants with greater effect and greater safety. The pinosilvina has antifungal activity.

THYME (Thymus vulgaris)

Leaves and flowers.

The essencial oils, the aqueous and alcoholic extracts, containing phenol, thymol and carvacrol, have a powerful antiseptic and antimicrobial activity. Its antiviral activity is widely known, as its antifungal activity, although this requires very frequent applications, probably more than 6 times a day.

When boiling their aerial parts a characteristic aroma of phenols and derivatives, very similar to cloroxilenol (in these regions Espadol).

This antiviral activity with its astringent effect, the presence of tannins, make it a required component of herpes simple medications.

CAT’S CLAW (Uncaria tormentosa)

Roots or rhizome.

Alcoholic or hydroalcoholic extracts are potent antivirals, whereas the aqueous extracts are used as immune enhancers. This is a plant that has proven effective in enhancing the immune system for treatment of different ailments.